Chemicals: What They Are and How to Use Them Safely

Chemicals are part of everyday life. They make up the air we breathe, the water we drink and the materials used to build our homes. They are also found in cleaning products, medicines, cosmetics, foods and fuels. Although the word “chemical” can sound alarming, it simply refers to a substance with a particular composition and set of properties.

What are chemicals?

Everything is made of matter, and matter is made up of chemical elements and compounds. An element, such as oxygen or carbon, contains one type of atom. A compound forms when two or more elements bond together in a specific way. Water, for example, is a compound made from hydrogen and oxygen.

Chemicals can be naturally occurring or manufactured. Salt, vinegar and baking soda are familiar examples of chemicals found in the home. Many manufactured chemicals are designed for specific purposes, such as removing grease, disinfecting surfaces or protecting materials from corrosion.

Chemicals in everyday products

Household products may contain ingredients that help them clean, freshen, disinfect or remove stains. Detergents use surfactants to help lift dirt and grease from surfaces. Some cleaners contain acids or alkalis to tackle particular types of residue, while disinfectants are formulated to reduce certain microorganisms when used as directed.

Different products are designed for different tasks. A product that works well on one surface may damage another, so it is important to check the label and follow the manufacturer’s instructions.

Using household chemicals safely

Most household products can be used safely when handled correctly. A few simple precautions can help reduce the risk of harm:

• Read the label before using a product and follow all instructions.
• Use products in a well-ventilated area where the label advises it.
• Wear any protective equipment recommended on the packaging.
• Never mix cleaning products. In particular, mixing bleach with other cleaners can release dangerous gases.
• Keep chemicals in their original, clearly labelled containers.
• Store products securely, away from children, pets, food and heat.
• Dispose of leftover products according to the label and local council guidance.

If a product is swallowed, splashed into the eyes or causes a serious reaction, seek urgent medical advice and keep the packaging available so the ingredients can be identified.

Chemicals and the environment

Chemicals can affect the environment if they are released in unsuitable quantities or disposed of incorrectly. Never pour unwanted chemicals down a drain unless the label specifically says this is safe. Use only the amount needed, and follow local guidance for disposing of hazardous household waste.

Choosing products carefully, storing them properly and following instructions can help protect people, surfaces and the environment. Understanding what chemicals are—and how to handle them responsibly—makes it easier to benefit from their many useful applications.